Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering

<p>Shiv Nadar University is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, research-focused, and student-centric University offering a full range of academic programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level. With state-of-the-art infrastructure, the University comprises of academic wings, sophisticated labs, international standard sports facilities, amphitheaters, auditorium, conference rooms and smart classrooms. The University&rsquo;s goal is to become internationally recognized for the quality of its research and creative endeavors and their applicability to improving quality of life, generating new insights and expanding the boundaries of human knowledge creativity. Committed to excellence in teaching, research and service, the University aims to serve the higher education needs of India and the world beyond.</p>

Shiv Nadar University

Braided river is currently important topic of study; several scientists doing research on the complexity of braided river. However, the turbulent characteristics of flow around the braid bar is not thoroughly studied till now. In the current paper, the quadrant method is used for analyzing the turbulence characteristics of flow in the vicinity of bar using 2-D bursting events technique. Although many advances have been made within recent years in interpreting the mechanics of flow, transport of sediment and sedimentary architecture of braided rivers, many key issues remain to be addressed in particular the underlying processes of braid bar initiation. An attempt has been made herein to relate the depositional characteristics around the bar in the braided river model to the sweep and ejection bursting events. The concept of the hole is used in order to isolate the extreme events that contribute to the turbulent burst. The mean angle of sweep and ejection events possesses direct relationship with the scouring/ deposition characteristics in the vicinity of bar. The mean values contour of normalized ejection and sweep stress are plotted and their variation with the changing discharge is studied in this paper. © 2018 Korean Society of Civil Engineers.

World University root node

KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

Analysis of turbulent flow characteristics around bar using the conditional bursting technique for varying discharge conditions

Changes in the pattern of electric power consumption in India have influenced energy utilization processes and socio-economic development to greater extent during the last few decades. Assessment of spatial distribution of electricity consumption is, thus, essential for projecting availability of energy resource and planning its infrastructure. This paper makes an attempt to model the future electricity demand for sustainable energy and its management in India. The nighttime light database provides a good approximation of availability of energy. We utilized defense meteorological satellite program-operational line-scan system (DMSP-OLS) nighttime satellite data, electricity consumption (1993–2013), gross domestic product (GDP) and population growth to construct the model. We also attempted to examine the sensitiveness of electricity consumption to GDP and population growth. The results revealed that the calibrated DMSP and model has provided realistic information on the electric demand with respect to GDP and population, with a better accuracy of r2 = 0.91. The electric demand was found to be more sensitive to GDP (r = 0.96) than population growth (r = 0.76) as envisaged through correlation analysis. Hence, the model proved to be useful tool in predicting electric demand for its sustainable use and management. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Environmental Management

Modeling of Electric Demand for Sustainable Energy and Management in India Using Spatio-Temporal DMSP-OLS Night-Time Data

This book advances the scientific understanding and application of space-based technologies to address a variety of areas related to sustainable development; including environmental systems analysis, environmental management, clean processes, green chemistry, and green engineering. Geo-spatial techniques have gained considerable interest in recent decades among the earth and environmental science communities for solving and understanding various complex problems and approaches towards sustainable technologies. The book encompasses several scopes of interests on sustainable technologies in areas such as water resources, forestry, remote sensing, meteorology, atmospheric and oceanic modeling, environmental engineering and management, civil engineering, air and environmental pollution, water quality problems, etc. The book will appeal to people with an interest in geo-spatial techniques, sustainable development and other diverse backgrounds within earth and environmental sciences field. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. All rights reserved.

Applications and Challenges of Geospatial Technology: Potential and Future Trends

Applications and challenges of geospatial technology: Potential and future trends

Taylor and Francis Ltd.

The Use of Hyperspectral Earth Observation Data for Land Use/Cover Classification: Present Status, Challenges, and Future Outlook

This book affords an outline of the future overview of the current position and short-term insights into the space technology and the issues in the fast-mounting geospatial technology. A prosperous marker in the space journey from the traditional to advance remote sensing technology varying in space has been portrayed within objectives and outcomes. The usefulness of spectral bands with dissimilar spectral signatures provides vast data acquisition for application and services. Urbanization, dynamic nature of agriculture, land use planning, ocean exploration, vegetation resource management, and other ecosystems are being effectively monitored by the satellite services from the space and have many future prospects. Space technology assumes greater significance for monitoring natural and human resources and analyzing judicious utilization of resources. The technology provides standardized solutions for assessing potential and planning process in different geographical regions. Thus, space technology with its different services like geographical information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) can effectively be utilized for timely analysis and future planning of resources on the planet Earth. The book is divided into 5 sections spreading over 16 chapters. The first section discusses the usefulness of geospatial technology in various fields. Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Part II are devoted to water resource and its various aspects. Natural hazard risk was assessed through various models and presented in Chaps. 6, 7, 8, and 9 of Part III. Part IV deals with progress and perspective scenario of urban growth models and covers Chaps. 10, 11, 12, and 13. Future challenges and prospects of geospatial technology have been examined in Chaps. 14, 15, and 16 of Part V. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. All rights reserved.

Introduction to space technology challenges: Potential and future prospects

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in Agriculture: applications, challenges and future trends

Rapid growing urban population has resulted in the occupancy of large proportionate of the city and its outskirts, thereby contributing factors to change in the environmental conditions. This has resulted in widespread land acquisition for built up and industrial development, covering the centre of the city while moving at the outskirts of the city as well. Land Use /Land Cover (LULC) changes causes alterations in the land use categories, mostly the concrete forests which has increased the urban temperature as compared to the rural regions due to rapidly growing urbanized environment. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is one of the human-induced environmental phenomenon affecting the urban inhabitant in many ways, such as altering and disturbing the land cover its use which changes thermal energy flow causing elevated surface and air temperature. Temporal satellite datasets (LANDSAT ETM+ image of 1989, 2000 and 2006) can be used to monitor surface temperature while vegetation indices can be used to assess the coverage of the vegetation and non-vegetation area in the region. Temporal NDVI is employed in the study area to analyse the impact of land surface temperature against NDVI in the region. Therefore, temporal remotely sensed data can be used to map LULC and its dynamic changes and other environmental phenomena such as surface temperature over a period of time. Temporal UHI has been estimated using geospatial technology to incorporate it for environmental impact assessment on the surrounding environment. The present research focuses on temporal NDVI and Surface temperature, the methodology used altogether for the assessment of resolution dynamic UHI change on environmental condition for Haridwar district, Uttrakhand India and Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh in India. Both case study has different environmental conditions, geographical locations and demography. Hilly and forested region with almost no industrial activities for Haridwar while several industrial activities and densely populated region Kanpur located in an Indo-Gangetic plain. The research outcome demonstrates the correlation between temporal NDVI and Surface temperature exemplified with case study conducted over two different regions, geographically as well as economically. There is a need to consider the environmental dimension while making progress to urbanization. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment

Multi-temporal NDVI and surface temperature analysis for Urban Heat Island inbuilt surrounding of sub-humid region: A case study of two geographical regions

Sediment particles entrainment from the channel bed is influenced by flow turbulence which creates fluctuating shear stress at the bed. Sweep quadrant event is considered to be most important for entrainment of sediment particles as it exerts forces in the flow direction resulting in rolling and sliding of sediment particle. Similarly, the ejection event has been considered important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this paper, the nature of bursting events and in particular, the sweep events were studied in a model of braided river with a central island. The instantaneous velocities of flow were measured using the ADV. The turbulent stresses were determined from these instantaneous velocities. Box–Cox transformation is applied to transform the original data into a normally distributed data. The velocity measurements near the braided bar were made at 12 vertical sections using an ADV. The maximum value of turbulent kinetic energy and the Reynolds shear stress was found to occur near the bed level. These turbulent parameters have greater values for scouring points, this shows that these parameters are related with the scouring near the braided bar. © 2016 Indian Society for Hydraulics.

Civil Engineering

(SoE) School of Engineering

ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

Experimental study on bursting events around a bar in physical model of a braided channel

Spatial precipitation is a major input to distributed hydrological models, and the accuracy of runoff predictions greatly depends on its accuracy. Satellite-based precipitation products are expected to offer an alternative to ground-based rainfall estimates in the present and the foreseeable future. In the present study, the suitability of tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) rainfall in driving a distributed hydrological model for runoff prediction was evaluated. For this purpose, a hydrological model from the literature was calibrated and validated using raingauge data on daily time step for simulation of runoff in Kopili River basin (=7,198 km2) during 2003-2010. The calibrated model was then used for simulation of runoff employing specialized software and compared with the observed discharge at Kherunighat gauging site. Evaluation criteria, i.e., coefficient of correlation (CC), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS) and root mean square error (RMSE)-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) were adopted to judge the performance of the model under different rainfall datasets. Simulation using gauge precipitation, the values of CC, NSE, PBIAS, and RSR were found to be 0.85, 0.67, 4.73, and 0.45 respectively during calibration and 092, 0.85, -1.50, and 0.29, respectively, during validation indicating overall good model performance. Furthermore, using the raw TMPA precipitation, the values of CC, NSE, PBIAS, and RSR were found to be 0.90, -5.21, 141.55, and 2.01, respectively during the period 2004 to 2007 and 0.85, -13.49, 179.89, and 2.80, respectively during simulation time period from 2008 to 2010. The moderate value of RSR indicates that the raw TMPA precipitation-based simulation represents the low flow, including rising and recession limbs fairly well, however, in case of the high-flow periods, overpredictions for all years were observed. The evaluation result concluded that the raw TRMM precipitation data are heavily biased from observed precipitation and are incompatible for daily runoff simulation in the study area and bias correction is essential for TRMM precipitation correction. However, after employing adequate bias-correction techniques, the TRMM precipitation performed well with higher degree of accuracy and can be used as an alternative to measured rainfall data due to its high spatial resolution where data are insufficient for runoff prediction, i.e., for ungauged basins. Moreover, performance of the TRMM precipitation improved when simulated in combination with the gauge precipitation. Therefore, along with the efforts to improve satellite-based precipitation-estimation techniques, it is also important to develop more-effective near-real-time precipitation bias-adjustment techniques for hydrological applications. © 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering

Evaluation of TRMM-precipitation with rain-gauge observation using hydrological model J2000

1. Genetic variability among individuals, populations and species represents the basic level of biodiversity and is a prerequisite of adaptive evolution. 2. Adaptive evolution is driven by natural selection that acts at the level of individual phenotypes. 3. Genetic variation can also be used as a tool to study the history of species and populations and to explore their current structure and reproductive strategies. 4. Genetic markers that are presumably neutral to selection are used in measuring connectivity among Baltic populations and their uniqueness compared to those in the neighbouring marine or freshwater habitats. Genetic markers have often revealed the presence of previously unknown cryptic species that are much older than the Baltic Sea. 5. In most taxa studied, some genetic differentiation has arisen post-glacially between the Baltic Sea and North Sea populations, e.g. In the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus and the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. 6. Despite such differentiation, few of the Baltic organisms are considered as locally evolved endemic taxa. An exception is the partly asexually reproducing brown algal species Fucus radicans, which has evolved locally and now coexists with its ancestor Fucus vesiculosus in the northern Baltic Sea. 7. The unique blue mussel and Baltic clam populations in the Baltic Sea are closely related to Pacific lineages (Mytilus trossulus and Macoma balthica balthica) but are distinct from the neighbouring North Sea populations (Mytilus edulis and Macoma balthica rubra). They have been modified by interbreeding in the transition zone between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea and now constitute hybrid swarms. 8. A current methodological shift from single-gene approaches to genome-wide studies will help in distinguishing genes and patterns of variation that are affected by selection from those that merely reflect population structure and in identifying characters that account for the adaptations to the unique Baltic Sea environment.