Design

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Shiv Nadar University

We report results of the state-of-the-art ab initio calculations on two-dimensional (2D) hybrid halide perovskites capped with surface ligands to understand their effects on the stability with respect to bulk MASnBr3 (MA = CH3NH3). Considering the thinnest (one-unit-cell thick) layers R2SnBr4 with surface ligands of different lengths (R = MA, ethyl ammonium (EA), butyl ammonium (BA), and phenylethyl ammonium (PEA)), it is found that van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the long chain molecules play a crucial role in enhancing the stability of the layers. The vdW contribution in ligand-ligand interactions increases with increasing length of the ligands, and interestingly, the stability of BA2SnBr4 and PEA2SnBr4 layers becomes better than bulk MASnBr3 and comparable to that of inorganic bulk CsSnBr3. Furthermore, our calculations on the 2D-3D BA2SnBr4 system in which the surface ligands connect the neighboring perovskite layers suggest further enhancement in the stability of the layers. The present study shines light on the role of H···Br bonding in deciding the structure of the inorganic part of these thinnest layers and the effect of inclusion of vdW interactions on these H···Br bond lengths. The band gap of the layers increases slightly on increasing the length of the ligands, and there is a slight blue shift of the absorption spectrum. All the studied perovskite layers are direct band gap semiconductors, and our results show that the environmentally friendly BA2SnBr4 (PEA2SnBr4) layers are good candidates for green LEDs with a band gap of 2.28 (2.36) eV as obtained by using the HSE06 hybrid exchange-correlation functional with dispersion correction. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society.

(SoHSS) School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Center for Informatics

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Role of Ligand-Ligand Interactions in the Stabilization of Thin Layers of Tin Bromide Perovskite: An Ab Initio Study of the Atomic and Electronic Structure, and Optical Properties

This paper aims to identify the appropriateness of various parameters identified previously to define legibility in the context of Latin script done for the context of Indic typefaces like Bengali and Devanagari. The analysis is based on anatomical features, gridlines, letter binding, letter support, direction of stroke, stroke density, and variance. The paper also discusses various challenges of Indic scripts in terms of letter identification with respect to visibility and familiarity. Finally, various design parameters for identification are proposed for measurement of legibility of Bengali and Devanagari. The insight of the paper is to make type designers and researchers aware of effective design parameters that are necessary to understand during the design of Indic typeface. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017.

World University root node

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Legibility: Same for all scripts!

The present study aimed at investigating work-related pain issues among the workers associated with pineapple peeling activity in small fruit processing units of North East India. The study also assessed the associated levels of ergonomic risk prevalent among the workers and identified ergonomic risk factors associated with pineapple peeling task. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using questionnaire-based interview, pain self-report and direct observation of the activities to understand the prevailing work conditions. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) was used to assess the level of ergonomic risks involved. Prevalence of pain, in different body parts of the participants, was found evident with a higher percentage of participants reporting pain in shoulders (41.1%), upper arms (37.1%) and lower back (45.7%) while some had also reported of pain in neck (13.2%), lower arms (15.9%), wrists (12.6%) and palm (6%). For RULA, 89.4% of the participants had a grand score greater than equal to 5 which fell under action level 3 indicating for further investigation and changes soon. Hence, various risk factors influencing pain occurrences were identified using logistic regression, and factors like age, gender, hours of peeling, frequency of rest breaks, perceived work fatigue and years of experience, were found to be associated with risk of pain in at least one of the body parts. Identification of these risk factors laid down path for the future course of actions and improvements to address the work pain related issues among workers. Relevance to industry: The study established pain prevalence associated with manual pineapple peeling task and identified the potential risk factors, laying down basis for possible future actions to address work pain related issues and enhance productivity of the workers. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

Work-related pains among the workers associated with pineapple peeling in small fruit processing units of North East India

The anatomy of letterforms defines the structural formation of letters. The study is based on semiotic approach. The methods used here are Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic analysis. The anatomy is developed through analysis based on the work on Latin letterforms from three different aspect which are structural grid lines, anatomical features and parameters. This syntagmatic analysis is yielded in identification of various structural features of letterforms like terminal, bowl, blob, stem, dot or nukta, ascender and descender. The analysis has been carried out using two techniques, repeated forms and unique forms of letters. The paradigmatic analysis discusses the comparative study of structure and feature of letterforms across different typefaces such as Lohit Bengali, Vrinda, Solaimanlipi and etc. The analysis offers distinct anatomical nomenclatures after analyzing paradigmatic transformations. Further the study categorizes the letterforms according to the appearance of common features. © Springer India 2015.

Anatomy of bengali letterforms: A semiotic study

Framing product design specifications is an important part of design process. The decisions taken at this stage affect all the downstream phases, right from conceptualization, embodiment and prototyping to manufacturing and dissemination. In engineering design, to determine priorities of different engineering specifications of product, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method is used. Similar approach was used for deciding upon some design specifications as well. The present study elaborates on a QFD based methodology which helped in deciding an important specification, in the context of pineapple peeling equipment design. Here, a pineapple peeling solution was to be designed for small fruit processing units. During study of the existing solutions, it was found that there were broadly four categories of solutions and final solution was likely to belong to one of them. Hence, specifying the appropriate solution category, prior to conceptualization, was thought to be reducing both, time and effort. The paper, based in this backdrop, presents a QFD based approach used for the peeling equipment design. At first, priority of different user requirement was determined. Then, the relation between these requirements and different solution categories was established. These inputs were, then, put through QFD based process that generated scores indicating an order of appropriateness of solution categories to meet larger users’ priorities. The order of appropriateness, obtained through the methodology, was evaluated through users’ responses. Through this case study, the paper attempts to show proof of concept of the adopted methodology supporting adoption of similar approach for design of other fruit processing equipment also advocates adoption of specific design methods in new design contexts. © Springer India 2015.

QFD based methodology to decide upon contextually appropriate solution category with specific reference to pineapple peeling equipment design

Human muscular strength is extensively used in Indian agriculture for operating various push-pull type farm tools and equipment. Incompatibility between operators' physical capabilities (anthropometric and biomechanical) and demands of physical task to operate tools/equipment often leads to poor performance, low productivity and safety problems. Although anthropometric data are generally being considered, an inadvertent negligence of using strength database for agricultural tools/equipment design is very common in developing countries like India. Therefore, in present paper an attempt has been made to statistically analyze available strength data (pooled and regional/state wise data) of male and female Indian agricultural workers to understand nature of variability of those data in terms of difference between pooled Indian data vs. individual state data; difference between male vs. female data across various states of India; and for determining safe operational force limits for handling various agricultural tools/equipment. Critical evaluation of male and female strength data revealed that there are significant differences (p&lt;0.01 or p&lt;0.05) between mean values of pooled Indian data vs. individual state data for almost all strength variables under study. It has also been observed that average muscular strength of female is significantly lower (in general 2/3rd of male) than their male counter parts across all states. Thus, present study concluded that regional variations and gender variation of isometric strength data are crucial ergonomic consideration for using percentile strength data during calculation of operational force limits for designing various agricultural tools/equipment to be used by targeted user populations from various parts of a country like India with huge ethnic diversity.