Electrical Engineering

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In this work, a novel triband antenna is developed for wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and Bluetooth application. The proposed antenna is printed on a low-cost FR-4 substrate and has an overall size of 25 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm. Coplanar waveguide (CPW) line with characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is used as feed for the designed antenna. A prototype of this antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the simulation results. The measured result shows that the antenna has the triple-band response with frequency bands that correspond to S11&lt;−10 dB 2.36 − 3.17, 3.8 − 4.35, and 5.69 − 6.02 GHz. The measured gains of the antenna at resonant frequencies of 2.61, 4.115 and 5.85 GHz are 0.756, 0.925 and 1.589 dBi, respectively. Maximum decrement in measured gain is only 0.671 dB which is attributed to losses from connectors and cables. A novel approach, based on a combination of a cap-shaped ground plane and gap coupling technique in the form of an interdigital capacitor (IDC), is used to achieve the characteristic of triple frequency bands. Finally, the utility of the proposed antenna is checked with a four-element MIMO antenna. © 2021 IETE.

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(SoE) School of Engineering

IETE Journal of Research

Triple Band Compact Monopole Antenna for Applications Like Bluetooth, WiMAX and WLAN

5G is expected to support enhanced Mobile broadband (eMBB), massive Machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-Reliable low latency communication (uRLLC). 5G vision relies on a successful roll out of mm Wave frequency technology. Beam forming technology has been introduced in 5G to compensate path losses due to mm Wave frequencies. Beam forming aims to generate different beams for different User Equipment (UE) using an array of antenna elements at the base station to communicate between different users. The effective beams undergo minimum power loss and interference, and are aimed to direct towards the UE. In this paper the beams were formed and linked to the user by collecting the location coordinates of UE and cross-check the most effective beam for that UE based on the deciding parameters. The handover of UE between base stations has been simulated which involves tracking of the UE by the two base stations in the small cells. The simulation has also been carried out for the case where the height of the user is not fixed. © 2021 IEEE.

2021 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication, ICSC 2021

Beam Steering and Tracking for 5G Mobile Communication Network in mm Wave Frequency Band

This paper primarily focuses on the design and analysis of uniform circular array of four planar horn antenna elements with a perspective of optimizing them at frequency of 70 GHz. The four horn antenna elements are placed at an angle separation of 90degrees. The four antennas are connected via a coaxially fed four-port equal power divider circuit. The array is designed for millimeter wave frequency (60-90 GHz) application. Aluminum is used as conductor for radiating elements and ground while polyimide was used as the substrate. The proposed array has very sensitive feed line width that is able to change the resonance frequency. The proposed antenna design is simulated and analyzed for Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) and Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) applications in E band. © 2021 IEEE.

2021 International Conference on Intelligent Technologies, CONIT 2021

E-Band [70GHz] Uniform Circular Array of Planar Horn Antenna for MIMO/ OAM Applications

In this work, an underlap structure of tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) containing electrolyte/watery solution is examined to enhance the Nernst limit (59 mV/pH) of sensitivity. After incorporating the electrolyte medium in TFET, effect of pH variation on device characteristics such as drain current vs front gate voltage, voltage sensitivity, and current sensitivity are investigated. The interface charge density at the oxide-silicon interface of TFET is obtained as a function of electrolyte pH from physics-based modelling. Voltage sensitivity value 180 mV/pH that is greater than three times of Nernst limit of 59 mV/pH and current sensitivity value that is more than one decade per pH are observed for TFET based sensor. In order to validate the results, models used in TFET are well-calibrated with experimental data and the result of TFET are compared with inversion mode (IM) device. Results show that TFET gives superior performance than IM device; hence an underlap TFET can be a promising alternative for the next generation biosensor. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Sensors Journal

Crossing the Nernst Limit (59 mV/pH) of Sensitivity through Tunneling Transistor-Based Biosensor

This paper proposes a dual-polarized and high gain, four-element based compact multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating at 5.2 GHz. First, a hammer-shaped antenna has been designed with a gain of 5.3 dBi, impedance bandwidth of 400 MHz, and broadside radiation. A mathematical analysis for radiated electric field and an equivalent circuit model of the hammer-shaped antenna are developed. Using the hammer-shaped antenna as an element, four element MIMO design with shorting walls is proposed. The shorting walls near non-radiating edges improve isolation between the elements by changing the direction of the major lobe. The proposed MIMO design has an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) &lt; 0.15, measured gain of 5.5 dBi, and mean effective gain (MEG) ∼−3dB. This design has a low profile and single layer planar structure of area 65 mm × 65 mm, which makes it a good contender for portable devices or low-profile hand-held applications in WLAN band. © 2021, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved.

Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters

Hammer-shaped element-based compact mimo antenna for wlan application

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder that is characterized by intermittent epileptic seizures that can be identified in an Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. This paper proposes a low computational complex method to classify epileptic EEG signals by using a suitable Ramanujan Periodic Subspace (RPS). Initially, this method divides the given single channel EEG signal into multiple non-overlapping EEG blocks, which are projected onto a particular RPS. The energy of the projection is used as a feature to classify each block into epileptic or non-epileptic, using an SVM binary classifier. Here, in order to choose that particular RPS, a few sample blocks from the epileptic (ictal), interictal, and healthy EEG signal are projected onto the divisor RPSs of that block. The difference between the average subspace energy of healthy vs ictal or interictal vs ictal blocks is used as a measure to choose the suitable RPS. Finally, the class of each block of the EEG signal is combined using the majority voting scheme to classify the epileptic EEG signal. A publicly available benchmark EEG database from Bonn University, Germany, is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Further, the EEG signals are added with White Gaussian Noise (WGN) and ocular artifact for testing the robustness of the method against noise. Evaluation results in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F-score demonstrate that the proposed method is comparable with the state-of-the-art techniques and also robust against artifacts and noise. IEEE

IEEE Sensors Letters

Ramanujan Periodic Subspace Based Epileptic EEG Signals Classification

Advanced CMOS technology is highly susceptible to ageing effects such as negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and process variability. This article focuses on investigating the ‘combined impact’ of NBTI degradation along with the process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations on SRAM metrics. These issues impact the performance of SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) cell in many ways but the two main dynamic metrics are critical read-stability and write-ability. The dynamic metrics can, in turn, be characterised by their static metrics, that determine the static noise margins (SNM) of SRAM. The dynamic metrics were analysed for symmetric and asymmetric NBTI degradation of two inverters of SRAM. NBTI degradations were incorporated on the pull-up transistors of SRAM cell. Furthermore, results of the correlated performance metrics are presented for varied data storage patterns in SRAM cell over its lifetime. This analysis aims to provide an insight into the effects of integrated PVT and NBTI degradation on SRAM cell performance, enabling robust designs and help designers at the early stage of design to mitigate system failure. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

International Journal of Electronics

Integral impact of PVT variation with NBTI degradation on dynamic and static SRAM performance metrics

Abstract: The results from self-consistent k· p computation of optical gain characteristics of AlSb/InGaAsP/GaAsSb type-II ultra-thin quantum-well heterostructures show a marked improvement in optical gain as compared to the InGaAsP/GaAsSb type-II ultra-thin quantum well heterostructures. The AlSb/InGaAsP/GaAsSb type-II ultra-thin quantum well heterostructures were designed to obtain enhanced optical gain as compared to InGaAsP/GaAsSb type-II quantum well heterostructures. An improvement in optical gain of 948 cm- 1 and a shift in peak energy of 0.03 eV is attributed to interband resonant tunnelling effect and the band alignment due to the presence of GaAsSb layer. Also, a narrower optical gain spectrum is observed in AlSb / In 0.5Ga 0.5As 0.8P 0.2/ Ga As 0.5Sb 0.5 QW heterostructure as compared to the In 0.5Ga 0.5As 0.8P 0.2/ Ga As 0.5Sb 0.5 QW heterostructures. Furthermore, the effect of variation in well width has been studied at AlSb layer thickness 1 nm for optical gain enhancement and wavefunction confinement where the resonant tunnelling effect is observed. Graphic Abstract: Fig. Optical gain in AlSb/ In0.5Ga0.5As0.8P0.2/ GaAs0.5Sb0.5 heterostructures [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, SIF and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

European Physical Journal B

Optical gain enhancement and wavefunction confinement tuning in AlSb/InGaAsP/GaAsSb heterostructures

The correspondence cited in the title [1] derived ergodic capacity of the coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel in independent and identically distributed (IID) Rayleigh fading. While the theoretical results are correct, several plots in the paper are incorrect. In this correspondence, we correct the plots. More importantly, the corrected plots present an interesting and compelling contrast between performances of the coherent MIMO systems with and without channel state information at the transmitter; whereas this view is somewhat limited in [1] because of flaws in the capacity curves.

Fulltext

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Comments and Corrections to “Capacity of Multiple-Antenna Systems With Both Receiver and Transmitter Channel State Information”

In this manuscript, a graphene material based quad-band antenna for the frequency range of 60-120GHz is proposed. The proposed antenna has a very small radiating patch area (2100×1450µm2) and shows a good impedance matching at all the resonating frequencies. The radiating patch is placed on the Polyimide substrate with a thickness of 114µm. The proposed antenna radiates at 60GHz, 72.5GHz, 100GHz, and 117GHz with the gain of 6.22dBi, 5.63dBi, 5.94dBi, and 3.84dBi, respectively. This antenna can be used for indoor and short-range communication systems for 60-120GHz.