A new, quantitative, whole field, non-contact and non-destructive technique for sub-surface defect detection is presented based on frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI). Electro-thermal modeling and MATLAB-SIMULINK simulation has been carried out for the proposed technique. Experimental results of frequency modulated thermal wave imaging are reported, and defect detection by a correlation approach demonstrated. © 2005 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.