We have systematically studied heating efficiencies (via specific absorption rate–SAR/intrinsic loss power-ILP) of carboxyl (terephthalic acid-TA) functionalized hydrophilic SPIONs based ferrofluids (with good biocompatibility/high magnetization) and influence of following key factors in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): (i) alternating magnetic fields (AMFs - H)/frequencies (f) - chosen below/above Hergt's biological safety limit, (ii) concentrations (0.5–8 mg/ml) and (iii) dispersion media (water, a cell-culture medium and triethylene glycol (TEG)) for in vitro cancer therapy. In calorimetric MFH, aqueous ferrofluids have displayed excellent time-dependent temperature rise for the applied AMFs, which resulted in high SAR ranging from 23.4 to 160.7 W/gFe, attributed to the enhanced magnetic responses via π-conjugations of short-chained TA molecules on the surface of SPIONs. Moreover, ILP values up-to 2.5 nHm2/kg (higher than the best commercial ferrofluids) are attained for the aqueous ferrofluids when excited below the recommended safety limit. Besides, the SPIONs dispersed in high viscous TEG have exhibited the highest SAR value (178.8 W/gFe) and reached therapeutic temperatures at faster rates for the lowest concentration due to prominent Neel relaxations. Moreover, these SPIONs have higher killing efficiency towards MCF-7 cancer cells in in vitro studies. Thus, the TA-based ferrofluids have great potential for in vivo/clinical MFH cancer therapies. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Anindita Chakrabarty

Life Sciences

(SoNS) School of Natural Sciences

Kandasamy G.

Sudame A.

Bhati P.

Kale S.N.

Maity D.

<p>Shiv Nadar University is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, research-focused, and student-centric University offering a full range of academic programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level. With state-of-the-art infrastructure, the University comprises of academic wings, sophisticated labs, international standard sports facilities, amphitheaters, auditorium, conference rooms and smart classrooms. The University&rsquo;s goal is to become internationally recognized for the quality of its research and creative endeavors and their applicability to improving quality of life, generating new insights and expanding the boundaries of human knowledge creativity. Committed to excellence in teaching, research and service, the University aims to serve the higher education needs of India and the world beyond.</p>

Shiv Nadar University

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

This work systematically describes one-step synthesis of hydrophilic functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) via thermolysis in presence of polyamines such as diethylene triamine (DETA), triethylene tetraamine (TETA), tetraethylene pentamine (TTEPA), or pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA) or mixture of a polyamine (TETA) and polyols such as diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG) or tetraethylene glycol (TTEG) while varying the polyamine: polyol (v/v) ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. The saturation magnetization (Ms) values of the as-prepared polyamine (DETA/TETA/TTEPA/PEHA) coated SPIONs are determined in the range of 31.8–48.5 emu/g, which is altered in the range of 40.2–57.8 emu/g by the addition of a polyol (DEG/TEG/TTEG) to the polyamine (TETA) at different ratios. Moreover, the Ms. values are further improved to 64.6 and 66.8 emu/g at the optimized TETA:TEG (1:1) ratio by prolonging the reaction time up-to 2 h and the reaction temperature to 270 °C, respectively. In addition, the TETA-TEG coated SPIONs have displayed their average particle sizes, hydrodynamic sizes, and zeta potential (ζ) values in the range of 7–11 nm, 99–120 nm and +45 to +57 mV, respectively (indicating high water solubility). Finally, the TETA-TEG coated SPIONs with the highest Ms. and ζ values (i.e. 66.8 emu/g and +57 mV) are selected for the biological studies, where they have revealed excellent (i) cytocompatibility, and (ii) intracellular uptake in the cancer (HepG2 liver & MCF-7 breast) cells for the incubation periods of 24/48 h. Thus, the TETA-TEG coated SPIONs based aqueous ferrofluids have a great potential to be used in biomedical applications. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Journal of Molecular Liquids

One-step synthesis of hydrophilic functionalized and cytocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) based aqueous ferrofluids for biomedical applications

Herein, flower-shaped hydrophilic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoclusters (IONCs) are synthesized via one-pot thermolysis of iron acetylacetonate using triethanolamine (TEA) and diethylene glycol (DEG)/tetraethylene glycol (TTEG) mixtures at 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 (v/v) ratios. The as-prepared 24–29 nm sized IONCs have displayed (i) saturation magnetization (Ms) values of ~68–78 emu/g, (ii) hydrodynamic diameters of ~95–192 nm and (iii) zeta potential values of +46 to +65 mV. Due to relatively high magnetization and water solubility, IONCs (prepared using 8:2 TEA:DEG, and 8:2 &amp; 7:3 TEA:TTEG ratios) based aqueous ferrofluids i.e. NCAFF-1, NCAFF-2, and NCAFF-3 are investigated by calorimetric magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) at 0.5–8 mg/ml concentrations by exposing them to the alternating magnetic fields (AMFs, H*f ~2.4–9.9 GA m−1 s−1). The NCAFF-3 has demonstrated excellent time dependent temperature rise (42 °C within 0.7–9.7 min) as compared to the NCAFF-1 and NCAFF-2. Moreover, the NCAFF-3 at 0.5 mg/ml concentration has exhibited enhanced heating efficacies with specific absorption rate (SAR) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) values of 142.4–909.4 W/gFe and 4.2–14.7 nHm2/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the NCAFF-3 has presented better cytocompatibility, and substantially reduced proliferation capacity of HepG2 cancer cells in in vitro MFH studies. Thus, the IONCs based ferrofluids (NCAFF-3) are very promising candidates for MFH therapeutics applications. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Fulltext

One-pot synthesis of hydrophilic flower-shaped iron oxide nanoclusters (IONCs) based ferrofluids for magnetic fluid hyperthermia applications

In this work, we have developed novel multifunctional magnetic-polymeric nanoparticles (MMPNs) based ferrofluids by encapsulating oleylamine (OM)-coated hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) inside the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) individually, and along with two drugs such as curcumin (Cur, a chemotherapeutic drug (CHD)), and/or verapamil (Ver, a calcium channel blocker (CCB)). Herein, several parameters such as weighed amount (wt\%) of PLGA polymer (i.e., Resomer), stabilizer (i.e., polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)), organic solvents, amount of the SPIONs (in liquid suspension and powder forms), and amount of the drugs (i.e., Cur or/and Ver) are varied during the encapsulation process to optimize the formulation of PLGA NPs. The resulting polymeric NPs including empty PLGA NPs (i.e., without SPIONs/drugs), and MMPNs such as SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs, Cur-SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs, Ver-SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs, and Cur-Ver-SPIONs-loaded PLGA NPs have displayed (i) hydrodynamic diameters and zeta potentials in the range of 280.8–287.3 nm, and −21 to – 26 mV, respectively, and (ii) better encapsulation efficiency for the SPIONs/Cur/Ver. In addition, the MMPNs have exhibited (i) magnetization values in the range of 7.6–9.5 emu/g with superparamagnetic behaviour, (ii) concentration based time-dependent temperature raise up-to 42 °C (minimum therapeutic temperature in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH)/thermotherapy) with heating efficacies i.e., specific absorption rate (SAR) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) values ranging from 7 to 36 W/gFe and 0.1–0.4 nHm2/kg, respectively and (iii) better cytocompatibility. Finally, the SPIONs and dual-drugs (Cur &amp;Ver) co-loaded PLGA NPs have shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy in HepG2 cancer cells via combined therapies (i.e., thermotherapy and chemotherapy), as compared to the individual therapy (i.e., thermotherapy or chemotherapy) using the SPIONs/Cur/Ver loaded PLGA NPs. Thus, the as-prepared SPIONs/dual-drugs co-loaded PLGA NPs (i.e., MMPNs based ferrofluids) are potential therapeutic candidates for multi-modal treatment of cancer in vitro using thermotherapy and chemotherapy. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

Multifunctional magnetic-polymeric nanoparticles based ferrofluids for multi-modal in vitro cancer treatment using thermotherapy and chemotherapy

In this work, we report the synthesis of hydrophilic and surface-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) to utilize them as nanomedicines for treating liver cancer via magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH)-based thermotherapy. For this purpose, initially, we have synthesized the SPIOs through co-precipitation/thermolysis methods, followed by in situ surface functionalization with short-chained molecules, such as 1,4-diaminobenzene (14DAB), 4-aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) and 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid (34DABA) and their combination with terephthalic acid (TA)/2-aminoterephthalic acid (ATA)/trimesic acid (TMA)/pyromellitic acid (PMA) molecules. The as-prepared SPIOs are investigated for their structure, morphology, water dispersibility, and magnetic properties. The heating efficacies of the SPIOs are studied in calorimetric MFH (C-MFH) with respect to their concentrations, surface coatings, dispersion medium, and applied alternating magnetic fields (AMFs). Although all of the as-prepared SPIOs have exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, only 14DAB-, 4ABA-, 34DABA-, and 4ABA-TA-coated SPIOs have shown higher magnetization values (Ms = 55-71 emu g-1) and good water dispersibility. In C-MFH studies, 34DABA-coated SPIO-based aqueous ferrofluid (AFF) has revealed faster thermal response to the applied AMF and reached therapeutic temperature even at the lowest concentration (0.5 mg mL-1) compared with 14DAB-, 4ABA-, and 4ABA-TA-coated SPIO-based AFFs. Moreover, 34DABA-coated SPIO-based AFF has exhibited high heating efficacies (i.e., specific absorption rate/intrinsic loss power values of 432.1 W gFe-1/5.2 nHm2 kg-1 at 0.5 mg mL-1), which could be mainly due to (i) enhanced π-π conjugation paths of surface-attached 34DABA coating molecules because of intrafunctional group attractions and (ii) improved anisotropy from the formation of clusters/linear chains of the SPIOs in ferrofluid suspensions, owing to interfunctional group attractions/interparticle interactions. Moreover, the 34DABA-coated SPIOs have demonstrated (i) very good cytocompatibility for 24/48 h incubation periods and (ii) higher killing efficiency of 61-88\% (via MFH) in HepG2 liver cancer cells as compared to their treatment with only AMF/water-bath-based thermotherapy. In summary, the 34DABA-coated SPIOs are very promising heat-inducing agents for MFH-based thermotherapy and thus could be used as effective nanomedicines for cancer treatments. © 2018 American Chemical Society.

ACS Omega

Functionalized Hydrophilic Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Application in Liver Cancer Treatment

In this work, we aim to synthesize water soluble and surface functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) using novel surfactants such as terephthalic acid (TA), 2-aminoterephthalic acid (ATA), trimesic acid (TMA) and pyromellitic acid (PMA) through one-step facile chemical co-precipitation and thermal decomposition methods. The as-synthesized SPIONs are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The as-synthesized SPIONs showed very good water solubility and a high magnetization value (Ms = 55-73 emu g-1). Furthermore, the as-synthesized ATA-coated SPIONs are conjugated with a fluorophore (Alexa Fluor 488) to demonstrate their ability for further chemical/biological conjugation without any additional surface modifications. Moreover, above 90\% cell viability in MCF-7 cancer cells has been observed, thus confirming good cytocompatibility of the SPIONs. Therefore, these hydrophilic and carboxyl-amine functionalized SPIONs are very promising candidates to be used for biomedical applications. © 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry.

RSC Advances

Facile synthesis of novel hydrophilic and carboxyl-amine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Recently superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been extensively used in cancer therapy and diagnosis (theranostics) via magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. due to their remarkable magnetic properties, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. However, the magnetic properties of SPIONs are influenced by various physicochemical and synthesis parameters. So, this review mainly focuses on the influence of spin canting effects, introduced by the variations in size, shape, and organic/inorganic surface coatings, on the magnetic properties of SPIONs. This review also describes the several predominant chemical synthesis procedures and role of the synthesis parameters for monitoring the size, shape, crystallinity and composition of the SPIONs. Moreover, this review discusses about the latest developments of the inorganic materials and organic polymers for encapsulation of the SPIONs. Finally, the most recent advancements of the SPIONs and their nanopackages in combination with other imaging/therapeutic agents have been comprehensively discussed for their effective usage as in vitro and in vivo theranostic agents in cancer treatments. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Recent advances in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for in vitro and in vivo cancer nanotheranostics

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Magnetic hyperthermia in magnetic nanoemulsions: Effects of polydispersity, particle concentration and medium viscosity

Materials Science and Engineering: C

Synthesis and characterization of glycyrrhizic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications

In recent years, functional nanomaterials have found an appreciable;place in the understanding and treatment of cancer. This work;demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of a new class of;cationic, biocompatible, peptide dendrimers, which were then used for;stabilizing and functionalizing magnetite nanoparticles for;combinatorial therapy of cancer. The synthesized peptide dendrimers have;an edge over the widely used PAMAM dendrimers due to better;biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity of their degradation;products. The surface engineering efficacy of the peptide dendrimers and;their potential use as drug carriers were compared with their PAMAM;counterparts. The peptide dendrimer was found to be as efficient as;PAMAM dendrimers in its drug-carrying capacity, while its drug release;profiles substantially exceeded those of PAMAM's. A dose-dependent study;was carried out to assess their half maximal inhibitory concentration;(IC50) in vitro with various cancer cell lines. A cervical cancer cell;line that was incubated with these dendritic nanoparticles was exposed;to alternating current magnetic field (ACMF) to investigate the effect;of elevated temperatures on the live cell population. The DOX-loaded;formulations, in combination with the ACMF, were also assessed for their;synergistic effects on the cancer cells for combinatorial therapy. The;results established the peptide dendrimer as an efficient alternative to;PAMAM, which can be used successfully in biomedical applications. (C);2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.