Inflammation is an immune response to protect against various types of infections. When unchecked, acute inflammation can be life-threatening, as seen with the current coronavirus pandemic. Strong oxidants, such as peroxynitrite produced by immune cells, are major mediators of the inflammation-associated pathogenesis. Cellular thiols play important roles in mitigating inflammation-associated macromolecular damage including DNA. Herein, we have demonstrated a role of glutathione (GSH) and other thiols in neutralizing the effect of peroxynitrite-mediated DNA damage through stable GSH-DNA adduct formation. Our observation supports the use of thiol supplements as a potential therapeutic strategy against severe COVID-19 cases and a Phase II (NCT04374461) open-label clinical trial launched in early May 2020 by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. © 2020 American Chemical Society.

Anindita Chakrabarty

Life Sciences

(SoNS) School of Natural Sciences

Ahmed N.

Guengerich F.P.

Chowdhury G.

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Shiv Nadar University

Chemical Research in Toxicology

Sepantronium bromide (YM155) is a small molecule antitumor agent currently in phase II clinical trials. Although developed as survivin suppressor, YM155's primary mode of action has recently been found to be DNA damage. However, the mechanism of DNA damage by YM155 is still unknown. Knowing the mechanism of action of an anticancer drug is necessary to formulate a rational drug combination and select a cancer type for achieving maximum clinical efficacy. Using cell-based assays, we showed that YM155 causes extensive DNA cleavage and reactive oxygen species generation. DNA cleavage by YM155 was found to be inhibited by radical scavengers and desferal. The reducing agent DTT and the cellular reducing system xanthine/xanthine oxidase were found to reductively activate YM155 and cause DNA cleavage. Unlike quinones, DNA cleavage by YM155 occurs in the presence of catalase and under hypoxic conditions, indicating that hydrogen peroxide and oxygen are not necessary. Although YM155 is a quinone, it does not follow a typical quinone mechanism. Consistent with these observations, a mechanism has been proposed that suggests that YM155 can cause oxidative DNA cleavage upon 2-electron reductive activation. © 2018 American Chemical Society.

Quinone-Based Antitumor Agent Sepantronium Bromide (YM155) Causes Oxygen-Independent Redox-Activated Oxidative DNA Damage

Thalidomide [α-(N-phthalimido)glutarimide] (1) is a sedative and antiemetic drug originally introduced into the clinic in the 1950s for the treatment of morning sickness. Although marketed as entirely safe, more than 10000 babies were born with severe birth defects. Thalidomide was banned and subsequently approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and complications associated with leprosy. Although known for more than 5 decades, the mechanism of teratogenicity remains to be conclusively understood. Various theories have been proposed in the literature including DNA damage and ROS and inhibition of angiogenesis and cereblon. All of the theories have their merits and limitations. Although the recently proposed cereblon theory has gained wide acceptance, it fails to explain the metabolism and low-dose requirement reported by a number of groups. Recently, we have provided convincing structural evidence in support of the presence of arene oxide and the quinone-reactive intermediates. However, the ability of these reactive intermediates to impart toxicity/teratogenicity needs investigation. Herein we report that the oxidative metabolite of thalidomide, dihydroxythalidomide, is responsible for generating ROS and causing DNA damage. We show, using cell lines, the formation of comet (DNA damage) and ROS. Using DNA-cleavage assays, we also show that catalase, radical scavengers, and desferal are capable of inhibiting DNA damage. A mechanism of teratogenicity is proposed that not only explains the DNA-damaging property but also the metabolism, low concentration, and species-specificity requirements of thalidomide. © 2017 American Chemical Society.

Fulltext

The Dihydroxy Metabolite of the Teratogen Thalidomide Causes Oxidative DNA Damage

ACS Infectious Diseases

Endogenous Deficiency of Glutathione as the Most Likely Cause of Serious Manifestations and Death in COVID-19 Patients

Hepatology Research

Liver injury is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Carbon dioxide-catalyzed peroxynitrite reactivity – The resilience of the radical mechanism after two decades of research

Protective Role of Glutathione against Peroxynitrite-Mediated DNA Damage during Acute Inflammation