Lignin is an amorphous biopolymer consisting of hydroxyphenyl propane units, which are interlinked with ether and biphenyl linkages. The widespread abundance and variation in the substitution of phenolic units in the nature of plant species present them as a viable source for phenolic raw materials. This chapter aims to list the major phenolic components available from lignin and its utility as a synthon for benzoxazine monomer synthesis. The presence of additional functionalities in the monomer dictates the polymer properties and its utility in various applications. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bimlesh Lochab

Chemistry

(SoNS) School of Natural Sciences

Shukla S.

<p>Shiv Nadar University is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, research-focused, and student-centric University offering a full range of academic programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level. With state-of-the-art infrastructure, the University comprises of academic wings, sophisticated labs, international standard sports facilities, amphitheaters, auditorium, conference rooms and smart classrooms. The University&rsquo;s goal is to become internationally recognized for the quality of its research and creative endeavors and their applicability to improving quality of life, generating new insights and expanding the boundaries of human knowledge creativity. Committed to excellence in teaching, research and service, the University aims to serve the higher education needs of India and the world beyond.</p>

Shiv Nadar University

Lignin-Based Phenols: Potential Feedstock for Renewable Benzoxazines

Advanced and Emerging Polybenzoxazine Science and Technology

Exploration of sustainable alternatives to chemicals derived from petro-based industries is the current challenge for maintaining the balance between the needs of a changing world while preserving nature. The major source for sustainable chemicals is either the natural existing plant sources or waste generated from agro-based industries. The utility of such resources will supplement new processed materials with different sets of properties and environmental friendliness due to their biodegradability and low toxicity during preparation, usage and disposal. Amongst other polymers used on a day-to-day basis, phenolic resins account for vast usage. Replacement of petro-based monomers such as phenol and its derivatives either partly or completely utilized for the synthesis of such resins is ongoing. Extraction of natural phenolic components from cashew nut shell liquid, lignin, tannin, palm oil, coconut shell tar or from agricultural and industrial waste, and their utilization as synthons for the preparation of bio-based polymers and properties obtained are reviewed in this paper. This review article is designed to acknowledge efforts of researchers towards the "3C" motto-not only trying to create but also adapting the principles to conserve and care for a sustainable environment. This review paper describes how extraction, separation and recovery of desired phenolic compounds have occurred recently; how substituted phenol compounds, unmodified and modified, act as monomers for polymerization; and how the presence of sustainable phenolic material affects the properties of polymers. There are about 600 references cited and still there is a lot to uncover in this research area. This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2014.

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RSC Advances

Naturally occurring phenolic sources: Monomers and polymers

European Polymer Journal

Bio-based high performance thermosets: Stabilization and reinforcement of eugenol-based benzoxazine networks with BMI and CNT

New Journal of Chemistry

New benzoxazines containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane from eugenol, guaiacol and vanillin

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Eugenol-based benzoxazine: from straight synthesis to taming of the network properties

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Synthesis and Copolymerization of Fully Biobased Benzoxazines from Renewable Resources